Language Family

Mayan

North American Language Families

A family of 29 to 31 living languages plus at least three extinct members (Classic Maya, Ch'olti' and Chikomuseltek), spoken by more than five million people across Guatemala, southern Mexico, Belize and Honduras. Its major branches are Yucatecan, Ch'olan-Tseltalan (which includes the Ch'olan branch that produced Classic Maya), Q'anjob'alan, Mamean and K'iche'an (Quichean), the last home to the family's largest living member, K'iche', alongside Yucatec Maya, Q'eqchi' and Mam among the largest others.

Facts

Disputed

Proto-Language Status

The proto-Mayan homeland is usually placed in the southern Guatemalan highlands, refined by Terrence Kaufman (1976) to the area around modern Soloma, Huehuetenango, on "least moves" and river-geography grounds, though competing hypotheses favor northern South America, coastal Veracruz or the Belize lowlands. Time depth is similarly contested: Kaufman's (1976) glottochronological estimate places the family's initial breakup around 2200 BCE, roughly 4,200 years ago, and remains the figure most used by archaeologists, but two later computational estimates diverge sharply, Atkinson (2006) proposing a much older 6,000 to 6,500 years and Holman et al. (2011) a much younger 2,200 years; no published study has yet adjudicated between them (Law 2013). 1

Region

Guatemala, southeastern Mexico, Belize and Honduras 1

Speaker Count

6,000,000 2

Mayan

1 entry

Status

Script Used

Period Start Year

Language Kind

Official Status

Classic Maya

Mayan

Connections

Includes

Classic Maya

Classic Maya belongs to the Ch'olan branch of Mayan; glottochronological estimates place Ch'olan's split from the rest of the family beginning around 600 CE (Kaufman 1976).

Source Danny Law, Mayan Historical Linguistics in a New Age, Language and Linguistics Compass 7/3, 2013

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